Bünyamin Demir Bünyamin Demir MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ MAKİNE MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ MEKANİK ANABİLİM DALI
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1,4-Naphthoquinone thiazoles: Synthesis, crystal structure, anti-proliferative activity, and inverse molecular docking study

Efeoğlu, Çağla | Demir, Bünyamin | Yabalak, Erdal | Nural, Yahya

In this study, 1,4-naphthoquinone thiazole hybrids were synthesized by reacting 1,4-naphthoquinone thioureas with various α-bromoketones in 78–86 % yields and characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and HRMS techniques. Furthermore, single crystal x-ray diffraction studies were also performed for 3b and 3c hybrids to determine stereochemistry. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to obtain additional information and to support the x-ray studies. The in vitro anti-proliferative activities of 1,4-naphthoquinone thiazoles were investigated against PC3 human prostate cancer cells. The products 3a–h showed anti-proliferative activity against PC3 cells, and the cell viability studies showed that the IC50 values of compounds 3f and 3e were 20.10 µM and 21.14 µM, respectively, while the other compounds exhibited lesser cytotoxic effects than the former two. Potential target underlying the mechanism of action of the synthesized compounds against prostate cancer was identified using inverse (reverse) docking method. Molecular dynamics simulation was also conducted to confirm the stability of the 3f/enzyme system. It was determined that the solubility in ethanol was better for compounds bearing methyl substituent on X1 location than compounds containing tert‑butyl...

New naphthoquinone thiazole hybrids as carbonic anhydrase and cholinesterase inhibitors: Synthesis, crystal structure, molecular docking, and acid dissociation constant

Efeoğlu, Çağla | Selçuk, Özge | Demir, Bünyamin | Nural, Yahya

In this study, N-[3-(3-amino-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)-4-R-thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene]-2,6-difluorobenzamide derivatives as new 1,4-naphthoquinone thiazole hybrids were synthesized by reacting of N-[(3-amino-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)carbamothioyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide with various α-bromoketones in 76–92% yields. Their molecular structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, FT-IR, and HRMS, and the stereochemistry of one of the hybrids was determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction study. These synthesized new compounds (3a–e) were found to be effective inhibitor molecules for cholinesterases (butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)), and carbonic anhydrase I and II (hCA I and hCA II) enzymes. KI values were found to be in the range of 45.03–84.43 nM for BChE, 26.12–98.42 nM for AChE, 67.86–161.60 nM for hCA I, and 55.27–87.48 nM for hCA II. The acid dissociation constants (pKa) of 1,4-naphthoquinone thiazole hybrids were determined in 25% (v/v) DMSO:water (25.0 ± 0.1 °C, I = 0.1 M by NaCl). Three pKa values for each hybrid were calculated with the HYPERQUAD program from the data obtained as a result of potentiometric titrations. The results obtained from molecular docking studies indicate that the compounds in question fa...

New naphthoquinone thiazole hybrids as carbonic anhydrase and cholinesterase inhibitors: Synthesis, crystal structure, molecular docking, and acid dissociation constant

Efeoğlu, Çağla | Selçuk, Özge | Demir, Bünyamin | Nural, Yahya

In this study, N-[3-(3-amino-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)-4-R-thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene]-2,6-difluorobenzamide derivatives as new 1,4-naphthoquinone thiazole hybrids were synthesized by reacting of N-[(3-amino-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)carbamothioyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide with various α-bromoketones in 76–92% yields. Their molecular structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, FT-IR, and HRMS, and the stereochemistry of one of the hybrids was determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction study. These synthesized new compounds (3a–e) were found to be effective inhibitor molecules for cholinesterases (butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)), and carbonic anhydrase I and II (hCA I and hCA II) enzymes. KI values were found to be in the range of 45.03–84.43 nM for BChE, 26.12–98.42 nM for AChE, 67.86–161.60 nM for hCA I, and 55.27–87.48 nM for hCA II. The acid dissociation constants (pKa) of 1,4-naphthoquinone thiazole hybrids were determined in 25% (v/v) DMSO:water (25.0 ± 0.1 °C, I = 0.1 M by NaCl). Three pKa values for each hybrid were calculated with the HYPERQUAD program from the data obtained as a result of potentiometric titrations. The results obtained from molecular docking studies indicate that the compounds in question fa...

Physical characteristics of cherry (Prunus avium) varieties and shape analysis with the elliptic Fourier method

Demir, Bünyamin

Knowing the physical properties of biological products is of great importance in terms of developing harvesting technologies, innovating crop processing technologies and determining product drying properties. The aim of this study was to determine the dimensional and shape attributes of two different cherry types (‘10-5’ and ‘10-22’) and six different cherry varieties (‘Ferbolus Verdel’, ‘Lapins’, ‘Merton Late’, ‘Noir de Guben’, ‘Starks Gold’ and ‘Telegal’) and to put forth the differences and similarities of cherry varieties. For dimensional parameters, the greatest averages were observed in ‘10-22’ type and smallest averages were observed in ‘Telegal’ variety. Dimension properties of ‘Merton Late’, ‘Noir de Guben’ and ‘Starks Gold’ varieties were similar. ‘Telegal’ variety had the greatest sphericity value with an average of 89.48%. The sphericity decreased as the shape index increased. Accordingly, the greatest shape index was observed in ‘Starks Gold’ and ‘Merton Late’ varieties. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first three components explained 98.0% of total variation in dimensional and shape attributes. PC1, PC2 and PC3 explained respectively 67.0%, 19.6% and 11.4% of total variance. PC1 included dimensional parameters, PC2 included sphericity, shape ind...

New bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazole derivatives: Synthesis, DNA cleavage, molecular docking, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and acid dissociation constants

Nural, Yahya | Özdemir, Sadin | Yalçın, Mustafa Serkan | Demir, Bünyamin

In this study, a series of bis– and tetrakis–1,2,3–triazole derivatives were synthesized using copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry in 73–95% yield. The bis– and tetrakis–1,2,3–triazoles exhibited significant DNA cleavage activity while the tetrakis–1,2,3–triazole analog 6g completely degraded the plasmid DNA. Molecular docking simulations suggest that compound 6g acts as minor groove binder of DNA by binding through several noncovalent interactions with base pairs. All bis- and tetrakis–1,2,3-triazole derivatives were screened for antibacterial activity against E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. hirae, L. pneumophila subsp. pneumophila strains and antifungal activity against microfungus C. albicans and C. tropicalis strains. Compound 4d exhibited the best antibacterial activity among bis–1,2,3–triazoles against E. coli and E. hirae, while 6c exhibited the best antibacterial activity among tetrakis–1,2,3–triazoles against E. hirae. Furthermore, the best antifungal activity against C. albicans and C. tropicalis was reported for the compound 5, while 6d displayed the best antifungal activity against C. tropicalis and C. albicans. Reasonable iron chelating activities and DPPH radical scavenging abilities were found for some of the compoun...

4E analysis of an underfloor heating system integrated to the geothermal heat pump for greenhouse heating

Ünal, Fatih | Demir, Bünyamin | Yaman, Kaan

In this study, 4E (energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental) analysis of an underfloor heating system integrated with the geothermal heat pump of a greenhouse with a usage area of 90 m2 has been made. When the results of the 4E analysis applied to the system and its elements were examined, the energy efficiency of the heating system in the winter months has been determined to be 77.85% and the exergy efficiency 30.61%. According to the results of exergoeconomic analysis, the levelized energy cost of the system has been determined as 0.894 dollar/h, the unit exergy cost as 0.826 dollar/h, and the exergoeconomic factor value as 51.12%. According to the results of the exergoenvironmental analysis, the part-based environmental impact of the system was 0.0910 mPts/s, the environmental impact value due to exergy was 0.1823 mPts/s, and the exergoenvironmental factor value was 37.77%. In addition, the equivalent CO2 emission value that will occur if the heating requirement of the greenhouse is met with a natural gas boiler instead of a geothermal heat pump was investigated and a comparison was made between the two systems. Accordingly, it has been determined that the emission of 909.75 kg equivalent carbon dioxide to the environment will be prevented in the 4-month period,...

Morphological Characteristics of Grapevine Cultivars and Closed Contour Analysis with Elliptic Fourier Descriptors

Demir, Bünyamin

Morphology is the most visible and distinct character of plant organs and is accepted as one of the most important tools for plant biologists, plant breeders and growers. A number of methods based on plant morphology are applied to discriminate in particular close cultivars. In this study, image processing analysis was used on 20 grape cultivars (“Amasya beyazı“, “Antep karası“, “Bahçeli karası”, “Çavuş“, “Cevşen“, “Crimson“, “Dimrit“, “Erenköy beyazı“, “Hafızali“, “Karaşabi“, “Kırmızı“, “İzabella (Isabella) “, “Morşabi“, “Müşgüle“, “Nuniya“, “Royal“, “Sultani çekirdeksiz (Sultanina)“, “Yalova incisi“, “Yerli beyazv“, “Yuvarlak çekirdeksiz“) to classify them. According to image processing analysis, the longest and the greatest projected area values were observed in “Antep karası“ cultivar. The “Sultani çekirdeksiz“ cultivar had the least geometric mean diameter. The greatest sphericity ratios were observed in “Yerli beyaz“, “Erenköy beyazı“ and “Amasya beyazı“ cultivars. According to principal component analysis, dimensional attributes were identified as the most significant source of variation discriminant grape cultivars from each other. Morphological differences between the cultivars were explained by sphericity and elongation variables. According to elliptic Fourier analysis ...

Biochemical composition and shape-dimensional traits of rosehip genotypes

Demir, Bünyamin | Alkaya, Günseli Bobuş

In the present study, the biochemical composition and shape and dimensional traits of 25 rosehip (Rosa canina) genotypes were investigated. The shape and dimensional traits were determined by image processing technique. Seed-propagated rosehip genotypes belonging to R. canina were collected from the natural flora of Mesudiye (Ordu) and Talas (Kayseri) districts. Antioxidant activity (39.510–72.673 mmol · kg−1), total flavonoids (287.80–1,686.20 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) · kg−1) and total phenolics (38,519.40–79,080.60 mg gallic acid equivalent · kg−1) of the genotypes exhibited large variations. Width (12.2 mm) and thickness (12.5 mm) of fruits averages were found to be close to each other. The genotypes exhibited fruit lengths between 12.0 mm and 29.5 mm. Average projected area at horizontal orientation (179.7 mm2) was greater than the projected area at vertical orientation (120.4 mm2). Sphericity average was calculated as 71.4%. According to principal component (PC) analysis, the most important dimensional traits discriminating genotypes from each other were identified as surface area, geometric mean diameter and volume. In terms of shape attributes, distinctive differences were observed in sphericity, circularity, elongation and surface closure rates (SCR) of the genotypes....

Study on crystallographic and electronic structure of micrometre-scale ZnO and ZnO:B rods via X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy

Erat, Selma | Yıldırımcan, Saadet

X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectra were recorded to investigate the electronic structure and local crystal structure of ZnO and ZnO:B powders produced via hydro­thermal synthesis. ZnO and ZnO:B grow as micrometre-scale rods with hexagonal shape, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy micrographs. The number of broken ZnO:B rods increases with increasing B concentration, as observed in the images, due to B atoms locating in between the Zn and O atoms which weakens and/or breaks the Zn–O bonds. However, no disorder within the crystallographic structure of ZnO upon B doping is observed from X-ray diffraction results, which were supported by EXAFS results. To determine the atomic locations of boron atoms in the crystal structure and their influence on the zinc atoms, EXAFS data were fitted with calculated spectra using the crystal structure parameters obtained from the crystallographic analysis of the samples. EXAFS data fitting and complementary k-weight analysis revealed the positions of the B atoms – their positions were determined to be in between the Zn and O atoms.

Multivariate Analysis Approaches for Dimension and Shape Discrimination of Vitis vinifera Varieties

Demir, Bünyamin

In this study, berry dimensions and shape traits, which are important for the design of the grape processing system and the classification of 10 different grape varieties grown in same ecological conditions (‘Ata Sarısı’, ‘Barış’, ‘Dımışkı’, ‘Hatun Parmağı’, ‘Helvani’, ‘Horoz Karası’, ‘Hönüsü’, ‘İtalia’, ‘Mevlana Sarısı’, and ‘Red Globe’) were determined; differences between the varieties were identified with the use of discriminant analysis. The largest grape varieties were identified as ‘Ata Sarısı’ and ‘Red Globe’. The ‘Red Globe’ and ‘Helvani’ varieties had geometrically sphere-like shape. The ‘Barış’ variety had the lowest size averages. According to elliptic Fourier analysis, the primary source of shape variation was ellipse and sphere-looking varieties. However, shape variation was seen due to the existence of a small number of drop-like varieties. According to discriminant analysis, shape differences of the varieties were defined by two discriminant functions. Based on these discriminant functions, the greatest classification performance was achieved for ‘Mevlana Sarısı’ and ‘Dımışkı’. In scatter plots, three shape definitions (sphere, ellipse, and drop) were made for grape varieties. Cluster analysis revealed 4 sub-groups. The first sub-group included the ‘Mevlana Sarısı...

Comparison of energy transition of Turkey and Germany: energy policy, strengths/weaknesses and targets

Telli, Azime | Erat, Selma | Demir, Bünyamin

In present study, energy transition from fossil-based to renewable energy of Turkey was compared with Germany, which is one of the world leaders, in order to analyze for which points Germany is a good model for Turkey. The renewable energy policies, strengths/weakness and targets of Germany and Turkey were examined and compared. Germany has the 4th largest economy whereas Turkey, which is a developing country has the 18th largest economy in of the world. Germany declared to have the renewable energy in the energy mix by 65% in 2030 and set the long-term targets as: to reach at least 60% of final energy and 80% of electricity consumption from renewable sources by the year 2050. Turkey is expected to reach ~ 63 GW installed renewables in 2023, which was 42 GW. Germany and Turkey have similarities for the energy security since both are fossil-based and import-dependent countries. The import quotas of Germany are 99% for oil and 96% for natural gas and quotas of Turkey are 93.2% for oil and 99.2% for natural gas. Turkey with “More Domestic, More Renewable” policy wants to reduce the foreign dependency rate and reduce the primary energy consumption by 14% by the year 2023. Germany aims to reduce the greenhouse gas emission by 40% by the year 2020 and in long-term by 80–95% in 2050 as ...

Turkey’s energy transition from fossil-based to renewable up to 2030: milestones, challenges and opportunities

Erat, Selma | Telli, Azime | Demir, Bünyamin

The energy demand of Turkey has been increasing along with increasing life standards and population and growing economy particularly since the 1980s. Most of the oil and natural gas have been imported by Turkey due to insufficient domestic reserves. Nowadays, the population of Turkey is about 83 million. The Turkish economy grew by 3% in the last 30 years and became the 18th largest economy in the world and the 6th one in Europe. Turkey aims to use energy resources efficiently, effectively and eco-friendly. Concerning climate change, Turkey signed the Paris Agreement and pledged a 21% reduction in greenhouse gas emission by the year 2030. While the energy world is in an inevitable transition to green energy, Turkey, which has a huge potential to achieve 100% energy transition in renewable energy, is still the 17th largest country in the utilization of renewable energy. Although Turkey has already reached the 2023 targets concerning the utilization of renewable energy, there is a long path to reach the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The 2030 targets of Turkey are to increase the installed solar capacity up to 38,000 MW, wind capacity up to 25,000 MW and geothermal capacity up to 4000 MW. Turkey officially announced that the utilization of renewable energy will be 32%...

Effects of position angles in twin-jet spray applications on droplet penetration of hydraulic nozzles

Demir, Bünyamin

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different position angles in twin-jet spray applications on droplet penetration of different nozzle types. Seven different nozzle types (standard flat fan, ST; narrow flat fan, STN; multirange, LU; low-drift potential, AD; air-induction, IDK; twin-jet air-induction, IDKT) were used and nozzles were positioned +15° along the forward direction, perpendicular to ground surface 0? and reverse direction of forward -15°. Spray experiments at 100 L/ha constant application volume were conducted under controlled conditions of a closed facility. Water sensitive paper (WSP) was used as sampling surface. WSP samples were placed vertically and horizontally over both the metal frames and root collar of artificial plants. The present findings revealed that transport potential of spray droplets was quite lower on vertical planes than on horizontal planes. The greatest coverage was achieved with ST, STN, LU, and SC-type nozzles producing fine droplets. Compared to open targets, the coverage ratios around the root collars were quite low and insufficient. In all spray treatments, coverage ratio on the vertical planes was 86.1% lower than the coverage ratio on the horizontal plane. In other words, coverage ratio on the horizontal plane was 7.2 tim...

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, Molecular Docking, and Acid Dissociation Constant of New Bis-1,2,3-triazole Compounds

Nural, Yahya | Özdemir, Sadin | Yalçın, Mustafa Serkan | Demir, Bünyamin

In this study, new bis-1,2,3-triazole derivatives, N,N′-(1,3-phenylene)bis(2-(4-R-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)acetamide), were synthesized by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click chemistry in 84–96 % yield. A wide range bioactivity screening was performed to determine DNA cleavage, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities. All of the synthesized bis-1,2,3-triazoles showed excellent DNA cleavage activity and 4 e, bearing 2-bromoethyl moiety as a substituent, was almost degraded all of the plasmid DNA. Molecular docking simulations suggest that the synthesized compounds act as minor groove binders of DNA. The antioxidant activities of the bis-1,2,3-triazoles were determined based on the radical scavenging effect of the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and iron chelating activity. The compounds exhibited effective iron chelating activity at 200 mg/L while showing a moderate ability to scavenge DPPH radical. The compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against B. cereus, L. pneumophila subsp. pneumophila, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and E. hirae bacterial strains, and antifungal activity against C. albicans and C. tropicalis microfungus strains with a MIC value in the range of 4–128 μg/mL. 4 d, bearing cyclohexylmethyl moiety as subs...

Bioactive compounds and physical attributes of Cornus mas genotypes through multivariate approaches

Demir, Bünyamin

Cornelian cherry fruits are quite rich in bioactive compounds. Natural colour, rich flavonoids and anthocyanins and high antioxidant activity have made the fruits a natural drug. In the present study, antioxidant activity, total flavonoids and total phenolics of naturally growing 18 cornelian cherry genotypes with different phenotypic characteristics were determined. Size and shape parameters of the genotypes were also determined with the image-processing method; sphericity, elongation and shape index were calculated and shapes of two-dimensional fruit images were compared with elliptic Fourier analysis. Antioxidant activity, total flavonoid contents and total phenolic amounts of the genotypes were varied between 55.062 and 152.420 mmol TE · kg−1, 286.40 and 2,882.80 mg QE · kg−1, and 2,644.80 and 12,959.00 mg GAE · kg−1, respectively. Multivariate variance analysis conducted based on physical characteristics revealed that six genotypes were different from the others. Shape analysis with Elliptic Fourier method revealed that the majority of present cornelian cherry genotypes had an oval appearance and a small portion of them had a drop-like appearance. According to discriminant analysis and Hotelling's pair-wise comparison tests, there were five different shape groups for pr...

Prediction of Walnut Mass Based on Physical Attributes by Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

Demir, Bünyamin

Several researchers have investigated the relationships among different physical attributes of the fruits. For proper design and operation of grading systems, important relationships among the mass and other properties of fruits such as length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume, projected area, shape index, aspect ratio and elongations must be known. Recent researches have focused on artificial neural network (ANN) approaches to predict hard-to-find attributes of the fruits from easily-determined and readily available values. In this study, Modular Neural Network (MNN) and Radial Basis Neural Network (RBNN) structures of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were employed to predict walnut mass from the physical attributes of the walnuts. Root mean square errors (RMSE) of MNN structure ranged from 0.60 to 0.89, while RMSE of RBNN structure were found to be very low (0.0002) in all of walnut varieties. These results showed that RBNN structures of Artificial Neural Network could potentially be used to estimate mass of walnuts and various physical attributes of walnuts were sufficient to predict the mass characteristics of a walnut.

Comparison of spray nozzles in terms of spr zzles in terms of spray coverage and dr age and drop distributionuniformity at low volume

Demir, Bünyamin

This study was conducted to compare the spray coverage rate and spray uniformity of seven different types of hydraulic nozzles (standard flat fan nozzles, ST; multirange nozzles, LU; air induction nozzles, IDK; twinjet air-induction nozzles, IDKT; narrow cone-angle standard nozzles, STD; hollow cone nozzles, DC; and antidrift nozzles, AD) commonly used in pesticide applications at low application volumes. All spray applications were carried out at a constant operating pressure of 300 kPa and a low application volume of 80 L/ha. The experiments were carried out in a closed facility under controlled conditions. Spray applications were carried out with the aid of a 12-m-long linear, automatic speed-controlled spray simulator. Water-sensitive paper was used for drop sampling. The greatest spray coverage was achieved in LU nozzles and they were followed by DC and ST nozzles. The lowest spray coverage was observed in IDKT nozzles. Increasing spray coverage rates were observed with decreasing spray heights. Increasing coverage rates were also observed with decreasing forward speeds. Regarding spray uniformity, the lowest mean coefficient of variation (CV) was obtained from AD, IDK, and IDKT nozzles producing medium and coarse droplets. It was concluded based on the present findings that...

Synthesis, biological properties, and acid dissociation constant of novel naphthoquinone–triazole hybrids

Nural, Yahya | Özdemir, Sadin | Demir, Bünyamin | Yalçın, Mustafa Serkan | Erat, Selma

A series of novel 1,4-naphthoquinone–triazole hybrids, N-(3-amino-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)-2-(4-R-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)acetamide, was synthesized by click chemistry in the presence of sodium ascorbate and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate in 81–94% yield. Various biological properties of the synthesized compounds including DNA binding/cleavage, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated. The DNA binding study was performed using dsDNA and G-quadruplex DNA. All of the compounds showed fluorescence increase in the presence of DNA, regardless of the structure. Up to 2.9 and 2.5 times fluorescence increase upon incubation with double stranded or G-quadruplex DNA was detected for 5f and 5g, respectively. The docking studies performed on dsDNA and G-quadruplex structures suggested compounds’ mode of interactions were populated around the grooves. All of the compounds showed excellent DNA cleavage activity and 5e was almost degraded the plasmid DNA. The highest radical scavenging activity was obtained as 89.9% at 200 mg/L with 5d. However, the highest ferrous chelating activity was obtained as 68.1% at 200 mg/L with 5g. The compounds exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila, Staphylococcus au...

Determination of some physicomechanical and biochemical parameters of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars

Demir, Bünyamin

Hazelnut is one of the most popular nuts consumed by people; it has different cultivars in Turkey. The aim of the current study was to characterize some physicomechanical characteristics, shape features, color, and biochemical properties of 6 standard and 3 local hazelnut cultivars grown in Turkey. The shape and size properties of the samples were determined using image processing techniques as an alternative to conventional measurement methods. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to classify the hazelnut samples in terms of the biochemical parameters of the hazelnut cultivars. According to the findings, the highest crude oil (63.25%) and lowest protein contents (13.63%) were observed in the Kalınkara cultivar. Oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids for all hazelnut samples. While local Devedişi and standard Çakıldak cultivars had the highest oleic acid levels, the highest linoleic acid level was observed for the Dağ fındığı cultivar. The cultivars of Foşa had the highest Zn and Mn, while the highest Cu was found in the Tombul cultivar. The greatest surface and projected areas were calculated for the Kara fındık and Dağ fındığı samples, while the greatest hardness value was measured for the Devedişi cultivar. PCA revealed some positive and negat...

Polysubstituted pyrrolidines linked to 1,2,3-triazoles: Synthesis, crystal structure, DFT studies, acid dissociation constant, drug-likeness, and anti-proliferative activity

İnce, Tuncay | Demir, Bünyamin | Erat, Selma | Nural, Yahya

Novel pyrrolidines linked to 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, dimethyl 1-(2-(4-R-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)acetyl)-5,5-diphenylpyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate, were synthesized in the presence of sodium ascorbate and copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate by click chemistry in excellent 89–95% yield. The 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMQC, FT-IR, HRMS and elemental analysis techniques were used for structural characterization. A single crystal X-ray diffraction study was performed in order to determine the stereochemistry of the compounds. The optimization geometry of the compounds was obtained by performing density functional theory. However, the global reactivity parameters were estimated from frontier molecular orbitals. The calculated global reactivity parameters showed that the most reactive compound was 4e and the least reactive compounds were 4a, 4c and 4d. The acid dissociation constants were determined using potentiometric titration in 20% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide-water hydro-organic solvent at 25 ± 0.1 °C, and four dissociation constants relating nitrogen atoms were obtained for each ligand. Six synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro anti-proliferative activities against human prostate cancer cells, all of which significantly reduced cell proliferation. One of the compoun...

Shape Discrimination of Almond Cultivars by Elliptic Fourier Descriptors

Demir, Bünyamin

Knowledge is required about shape and size features of almonds before the design of machines, equipment and systems used in harvest and postharvest processes such as classifying, drying, packaging, grading, transportation and quality assessments of almonds. Such attributes are also required for assessing consumer preferences, cultivar registration, security of plant variety rights, investigating heritability and analyzing shape abnormalities. In present study, seven almond cultivars (‘Bertina’, ‘Ferragnes’, ‘Ferradual’, ‘Ferrostar’, ‘Glorieta’, ‘Lauranne’ and ‘Marta’) grown in Turkey were used in order to determine the longitudinal, surface and gravitational features and to compare their shapes with elliptic Fourier descriptors. ‘Bertina’, ‘Glorieta’ and ‘Ferragnes’ had the greatest longitudinal, surface and gravitational averages. ‘Marta’ cultivars had the lowest averages in all parameters except for mass, thickness and projected area in suture orientation. Among the almond cultivars, ‘Lauranne’ and ‘Ferrostar’ had the lowest mass and thickness averages. Sphericity averages varied between 60.6–71.6% with the greatest value in ‘Ferradual’ cultivar. Among the cultivars again, ‘Ferrostar’ had the greatest elongation, roundness and aspect ratio averages. In terms of the nut shape, e...

Determination of Spray Angle and Flow Uniformıty of Spray Nozzles with Image Processing Operations

Demir, Bünyamin

This study was conducted to determine the spray angle and flow uniformity of different hydraulic spray nozzles at different spray pressures with the aid of image processing operations. Spray images were captured with a digital camera to determine spray angles and spray patterns. Captured images were transferred to computer environment and analyzed with different image processing software. The spray angle at 3 bar pressure was measured as 107.2 degrees for anti-drift nozzles, as 105.6 degrees for air-injection nozzles, as 69.9 degrees for ST 80 flat-fan nozzles, as 84.0 degrees for ST 90 flat-fan nozzles, as 103.2 degrees for ST 110 flat-fan nozzles and as 54.2 degrees for hollow-cone empty set1.0 mm nozzles. Cone angle at 3 bar pressure was measured as 106.7 degrees for anti-drift nozzles, as 103.9 degrees for air-injection nozzles, as 75.1 degrees for ST 80 flat-fan nozzles, as 86.4 degrees for ST 90 flat-fan nozzles, as 105.2 degrees for ST 110 flat-fan nozzles and as 46.4 degrees for hollow-cone empty set1.0 mm nozzles. Spray pattern obtained with the image processing method was identical with the flow uniformity obtained with line-profile method. It was concluded that spray pressures had significant effects on spray angles (p

Application of data mining and adaptive neuro-fuzzy structureto predict color parameters of walnuts (Juglans regia L.)

Demir, Bünyamin

Quality is the primary factor designating consumer satisfaction and the market price of agricultural commodities. Color and general appearance are the basic quality indicators for agricultural products. Surface colors are assessed through colorimetric measurements including L*, a*, and b* color parameters. In the present study, L*, a*, and b* color parameters of Bilecik, Fernette, Fernor, Kaman-1, Maraş-12, Maraş-18, Sunland, Şen-2, Yalova-1, and Yalova-3 walnut cultivars (color parameters of 100 randomly selected walnuts from each cultivar) were measured with a chroma meter (CR-5 Konica Minolta). Based on L*, a*, and b* measurements, equations from which color index (CI), chroma (C*), and hue (h*) angle parameters could be calculated were developed with the Find Laws algorithm of PolyAnalyst. The color parameters obtained from these newly developed equations were used in training of adaptive neuro-fuzzy structure. Then color index (CI), chroma (C*), and hue (h*) angle parameters were predicted by adaptive neuro-fuzzy approach. Root mean square error values of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy-based approach were respectively identified as 0.02 for Bilecik, 0.01 for Fernette, 0.02 for Fernor, 0.01 for Kaman-1, 0.01 for Maraş-12, 0.01 for Maraş-18, 0.01 for Sunland, 0.01 for Şen-2, 0.01 fo...

Possible Use of Data Mining for Analysis and Prediction of Apple Physical Properties

Demir, Bünyamin

Data mining is used as a popular technique in several scientific researches. In agriculture, application of data mining is a relatively new approach. One of the most popular data mining approaches is to find prediction rules from experimental data sets. The present study was conducted in two stages to find out a rule for estimation of width of stalk cavity, depth of stalk cavity, width of eye basin and depth of eye basin of different apple varieties (‘Amasya’, ‘Starking’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Pink Lady’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Arapkızı’) based on physical properties and to propose an equation for calculating these parameters. In the first stage, data processing was performed and in the second stage, Find Laws was used for prediction of apple properties. Current results revealed that data mining technique had a superior performance and could reliably be used in estimation of physical characteristics of agricultural products. Further research is recommended for possible use of datamining in other agricultural application.

Elliptic Fourier based analysis and multivariate approaches for size and shape distinctions of walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars

Demir, Bünyamin

Size and shape data of agricultural crops provide great sources for food processing technologies. The physical attributes of different fruits should be known for the design, developing and innovation of food technologies. In this study, the size and shape distinctions of fifteen national and international walnut cultivars (Midland, Sütyemez-1, Serr, Maraş-18, Maraş-12, Sütyemez-2, Kaman-1, Kaman-5, Pedro, Howard, Chandler, Şebin, Şen-2, Bilecik and KR-1) were determined using elliptic Fourier and multivariate approaches. Firstly, the gravitational features of walnut cultivars were determined, and their dimensional, area and shape attributes were revealed by image processing. Cluster analysis was used to designate the walnut cultivars. Elliptic Fourier descriptors obtained from walnut outlines provided the comparisons among walnut cultivars in shape. The shape index indicated that Serr, Sütyemez-2, Midland and Şen-2 cultivars were oval-shaped, and the others were spherical. The cluster analysis divided the walnut cultivars into four subgroups. Elliptic Fourier descriptors perfectly distinguished the walnut cultivars according to shape.

Estimation of the Weights of Almond Nuts Based on Physical Properties through Data Mining

Demir, Bünyamin

Quality attributes are the major parameters designating market values of the agricultural goods and commodities. Several practices are applied to improve quality parameters of the fruits and vegetables. Such quality attributes should also be estimated through various approaches before to design of equipment and tools used in handling and processing of these goods and to design storage facilities. Data mining is a novel approach used to estimate various attributes or quality parameters of the fruits from previously measured attributes. Different algorithms embedded into data mining operations may yield quite accurate and reliable equations for estimation of quality attributes. Almond is a significant cash crop for growers. Since almond is quite tolerant to droughts and salinity, it is preferred in various parts of the country by producers. Weight is the primary quality parameter designating market value of the almonds. This study was conducted to estimate nut weights of seven different almond varieties and to develop an equation for the estimation of nut weights. Data mining approach was used to estimate nut weights from physical fruit quality attributes (kernel length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume, shape ind...

Prediction of Physical Parameters of Pumpkin Seeds Using Neural Network

Demir, Bünyamin

The design of the machines and equipment used in harvest and post-harvest processing should be compatible with the physical, mechanical and rheological characteristics of the fruits and vegetables. In machine design for agricultural products, several characteristics of relevant products and seeds should be known ahead. Designers can either measure all these design parameters one by one, or they may use intelligent systems to estimate such parameters. Neural networks (NNs) are new computational tools that provide a quick and accurate means of physical properties prediction of agricultural materials, and have been shown to perform well in comparison with traditional methods. In this research, some physical properties of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds, including linear dimensions, volume, surface and projected area, geometric mean diameter and sphericity were calculated tridimensional in lab conditions. Then, prediction of these parameters was carried out using NNs. The research was divided into two parts; experimental investigation and simulation analysis with NNs. Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and Radial Basis Neural Network (RBNN) structures were employed to estimate physical parameters of the pumpkin seeds. The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) was 0.6875 for BPNN and 0...

Estimation of the Colour Properties of Apples Varieties Using Neural Network

Demir, Bünyamin

The consumer acceptance and the quality standard of agricultural products such as apple are determined mostly by their colour. Colour is measured with a colorimeter and quantified using the C.I.E. L*, a*, b* colour space system. It is used commonly by researchers for the classification and identification of apple fruit. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first study investigating the prediction of some colour properties of six apple varieties through artificial neural networks (ANN). The apple varieties are ‘Amasya’, ‘Starking’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Pink Lady’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Arapkızı’ and the colour properties are L* (lightness), a* (redness), b* (yellowness), C* (chroma), h* (hue angle), CI (chroma index). General Regression Neural Networks (GRNN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interface System (ANFIS) structures were employed to predict the colour properties. According to the experimental and simulation results, the proposed ANFIS predictor had a superior performance in prediction of these colour parameters.

Design of Neural Network Predictor for the Physical Properties of Almond Nuts

Demir, Bünyamin

In this study, an adaptive neuro fuzzy interface system (ANFIS) based predictor was designed to predict the physical properties of four almond types. Measurements of the dimensions, length, width and thickness were carried out for one hundred randomly selected samples of each type. With using these three major perpendicular dimensions, some physical parameters such as projected area, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume, shape index and aspect ratio were estimated. In in a various Artificial Neural Network (ANN) structures, ANFIS structure which has given the best results was selected. The parameters analytically estimated and those predicted were given in the form of figures. The root mean-squared error (RMSE) was found to be 0.0001 which is quite low. ANFIS approach has given a superior outcome in the prediction of the Physical Properties of Almond Nuts.

Low cost measurement setup based on a piezoelectric microphone for estimating apple bruising using Shannon entropy

Demir, Bünyamin

This study presents a low cost measurement setup for estimating apple bruise volume during drop impact tests. The proposed measurement system consists of three main stages namely recording impact sound, signal processing, and estimating bruise volume. In the recording stage, the impact sound occurred when striking the apple on the surface was recorded by a piezoelectric microphone into computer. The impact sound was converted into Shannon entropy signals based on the Kernel density approach, and two measurable quantities namely entropy peak and pulse-width time were extracted from Shannon entropy signals in the signal processing stage. In the bruise volume estimating stage, the regression curves that map entropy peak and pulse-width features into bruise volume are estimated using measurements data. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we conducted several drop experiments with six different drop heights and two different temperatures (1 and 19 °C). Experimental results showed that bruise volume was exponentially proportional to the entropy peak and it was inversely proportional to pulse-width time as power functions, and all the curves were fitted with coefficients of determination of more than 0.98. Moreover, it was found that colder apples developed less bruise v...

Effectiveness of Different Weed Management Methods in Silage Maize (Zea mays L.) and Effect on Yield

Demir, Bünyamin

In this study, the determination of the effect of band herbicide, hoeing, brushing and flaming methods that has been used especially row crops on weed management on the parameters of weed management and yield in silage maize has been aimed. Tillage, seed bed preparation, planting and fertilization were applied at the all area of experiment plots with the same method weed management tool and machines have been run at three different ground speeds. After application the number of weeds in the experimental areas were determined using the framework with 0.5 m2 and compared with the control plots. The best weed control in the weed management areas was determined in the lowest ground speed of Band Herbicide Method with a value of 79% in the 1st year and 81% in the 2nd year. The speed increasing in applied Weed Management Methods caused to increse on weed numbers, the control effectiveness in increasing speeds decreased. As a result, the usage of brushing weeder and flaming which are among alternative Weed Management Methods at lower ground speed in the maize production areas has been effective on weeds at earlier periods. In the research, yield and yield components investigated were negatively affected by weeds and therfore significant differences were determined in management methods ...

Determination of size and shape in the Moro blood orange and Valencia sweet orange cultivar and its mutants using image processing

Demir, Bünyamin

characteristics in designing relevant equipment, sorting, sizing and packaging systems. Therefore, the properties of size and shape of the sweet orange cultivar, 'Valencia', and its three mutants, 'A70', 'A77', and 'A88' were determined by image processing. The blood orange cultivar, 'Moro', was also included in this analysis. The volume of each cultivar and mutant was measured by the liquid displacement method. Linear equations with high R2 values were developed in order to estimate the surface area and geometric mean diameter, which were dependent upon the mass and volume of the orange samples. The results of this study showed that the 'A70' mutant differed from the other mutants and the 'Valencia' cultivar in regard to most physical properties. The 'A70' and 'A88' mutants and the 'Valencia' cultivar had the highest sphericity values, which varied from 96.41% to 97.18%. The lowest shape factor was found in the 'Valencia' cultivar, with a mean of 0.73. The elongation of the 'A88' mutant and 'Valencia' (1.07 each) was smaller than that of the other cultivars. The highest coefficient of variance was observed within the 'Valencia' and 'Mor...

Some chemical and physico mechanical properties of pear cultivars

Demir, Bünyamin

Two pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars namely Deveci and Santa Maria, which dominate pear production in Turkey, were analyzed for several physico-mechanical (moisture, fruit dimensions, aspect ratio, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, projected area, fruit mass, fruit volume, fruit density, bulk density, density ratio, porosity, coefficient of static friction, rupture force, deformation, absorbed energy, fruit firmness, toughness, hardness and skin color values) and chemical (protein, fatty acids, ash, pH, acidity, vitamin C, total soluble solids, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and mineral elements) properties. There is a statistical difference between cultivars in terms of most of the physico-mechanical and chemical properties. The average fruit mass ranged from 190.36 (cv. Santa Maria) to 289.85 g (cv. Deveci). The bulk density, porosity, rupture force and fruit hardness determined as 365.84 - 543.12 kgm-3 ; 45.67 - 66.57%; 23.04 - 39.59 N and 9.87 - 13.74 N/mm between cultivars.