Trends in electrochemical nanosensors for the analysis of antioxidants
Antioxidants play a very critical role in many biological processes in which free radicals are present. The physiological part of these compounds prevents damage to cellular components from arising because of chemical reactions involving free radicals. Oxidation mechanisms appear continuously in living metabolism, and reactive oxygen species are taken from outside step-up oxidation events. Many attempts have been made rapid, economical, and user-friendly analytical approaches for detecting and determining antioxidant capacity in recent years. Electrochemical techniques offer an alternative and powerful strategy for determining antioxidant content as they allow simple and inexpensive detection. This review discusses information about antioxidants, their classification, mechanism of action, ...
Prospects of carbon based sensors for hormones detection
In this chapter, types of hormones, their functions in the body, and carbon-based nanomaterials, including fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanowires, carbon fibers, carbon dots, are discussed. Moreover, electrode modification with carbon nanoparticles and applications of carbon-based electrochemical sensors in hormone analysis is also summarized.
Rapid determination of uracil in biological fluids at mercury thin film electrode for early detection of potential 5-fluorouracil toxicity due to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency
Determination of plasma uracil was reported as a method for evaluation of Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity that is highly demanded to ensure the safe administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based therapies to cancer patients. This work reports the development of a simple electroanalytical method based on adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetry (AdSWV) at mercury film-coated glassy carbon electrode (MF/GCE) for the highly sensitive determination of uracil in biological fluids that can be used for diagnosis of decreased DPD activity. Due to the formation of the HgII–Uracil complex at the electrode surface, the accuracy of the measurement was not affected by the complicated matrices in biological fluids including human serum, plasma, and urine. The high sensitivity of the d...
Layer-by-layer modification strategies for electrochemical detection of biomarkers
In the last decades, the use of electrochemical and electrode modification-based biosensors has aroused great research interest in widely different applications such as medical diagnostics, drug analysis, environmental monitoring, food analysis, and biochemical analysis. Moreover, the use of various nanomaterials for electrode modifications and the production of these modifications based on the layer-by-layer film deposition techniques have provided significant advantages in the production of stable and sensitive sensors that provide a large surface area. In this review, the applications of electrochemical methods developed for the determination of major biomarkers that are important in the diagnosis of different diseases are discussed. In three main categories, diseases and related biomar...
Phosphodiesterase-3 Enzyme Inhibitor Drug Milrinone Interaction with DNA and HSA: Electrochemical, Spectroscopic and Molecular Docking
In this study, the interaction between the phosphodiesterase-3 enzyme inhibitor drug milrinone and biomolecules was investigated by electrochemical, fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular docking studies for the first time. The interaction between milrinone and biomolecules was investigated according to the decrease in deoxyguanosine oxidation signals of milrinone and calf thymus double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ct-dsDNA) by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. In fluorescence spectroscopy studies, a competitive study was conducted on ct-dsDNA by adding a well-known fluorescent methylene blue and ct-dsDNA solution. The fluorescent results showed that milrinone had a higher affinity for ct-dsDNA binding compared to methylene blue. Interaction studies show that milr...
Polymeric Nanofibers as Electrodes for Sensors
The chapter is meant to examine the performance of electrodes blended with nanofibers. This study concerns the synthesis, characterization, and applications of electrodes and polymeric nanofibers. Electrospinning is a basic, simple, and adaptable strategy for creating submicron and nano size filaments. Owing to their enormous surface territory and permeable design, electrospun nanofibers can be utilized widely in biomedical, ecological, defensive attire, and sensors applications. Nano filaments of micron measurement and various compound organizations were prepared. Sensors are set up instruments of synthetic investigation utilized in both electrochemical and optical detecting modes. They permit understanding into ion concentrations in different examples, offering reliable performance. One ...