Layer-by-layer modification strategies for electrochemical detection of biomarkers
In the last decades, the use of electrochemical and electrode modification-based biosensors has aroused great research interest in widely different applications such as medical diagnostics, drug analysis, environmental monitoring, food analysis, and biochemical analysis. Moreover, the use of various nanomaterials for electrode modifications and the production of these modifications based on the layer-by-layer film deposition techniques have provided significant advantages in the production of stable and sensitive sensors that provide a large surface area. In this review, the applications of electrochemical methods developed for the determination of major biomarkers that are important in the diagnosis of different diseases are discussed. In three main categories, diseases and related biomar...
Phosphodiesterase-3 Enzyme Inhibitor Drug Milrinone Interaction with DNA and HSA: Electrochemical, Spectroscopic and Molecular Docking
In this study, the interaction between the phosphodiesterase-3 enzyme inhibitor drug milrinone and biomolecules was investigated by electrochemical, fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular docking studies for the first time. The interaction between milrinone and biomolecules was investigated according to the decrease in deoxyguanosine oxidation signals of milrinone and calf thymus double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ct-dsDNA) by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. In fluorescence spectroscopy studies, a competitive study was conducted on ct-dsDNA by adding a well-known fluorescent methylene blue and ct-dsDNA solution. The fluorescent results showed that milrinone had a higher affinity for ct-dsDNA binding compared to methylene blue. Interaction studies show that milr...
Electrochemical determination of phosphodiesterase-3 enzyme inhibitor drug Milrinone with nanodiamond modified paste electrode
Milrinone (MIL) is an essential cardiac inotrope drug for cardiovascular disease. In this study, a simple nanosensor based on a nanodiamond carbon paste electrode modified with flower-like ZnO particles was developed to determine MIL electrochemically rapidly and accurately. The flower-like ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple and cheap sonochemical method. The structure and morphology of the ZnO nanoparticles were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and scanning electron microscopy. The electron transfer properties of bare carbon paste electrodes, nD@CPE, CPE/ZnO, and flower-like carbon paste electrodes modified with ZnO and decorated with nanodiamonds (nD@CPE/ZnO) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). ...
Rapid determination of uracil in biological fluids at mercury thin film electrode for early detection of potential 5-fluorouracil toxicity due to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency
Determination of plasma uracil was reported as a method for evaluation of Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity that is highly demanded to ensure the safe administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based therapies to cancer patients. This work reports the development of a simple electroanalytical method based on adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetry (AdSWV) at mercury film-coated glassy carbon electrode (MF/GCE) for the highly sensitive determination of uracil in biological fluids that can be used for diagnosis of decreased DPD activity. Due to the formation of the HgII–Uracil complex at the electrode surface, the accuracy of the measurement was not affected by the complicated matrices in biological fluids including human serum, plasma, and urine. The high sensitivity of the d...
Surfactant-Based Sensors in Chemical and Biochemical Detection
Surfactants are compounds that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties due to their structures and are widely used in many industrial products, daily life, and many electrochemical studies. The hydrophobic parts usually consist of long hydrocarbon chains, while the hydrophilic parts can contain many different functional groups. These substances, also called surface active agents, reduce the surface tension in their aqueous solutions. For this reason, in addition to their use as emulsifiers, they also have antibacterial properties, are solubilizers, and are used as detergents. Although the use of synthetic surfactants is common in general, biosurfactants, which are called green surfactants, are also being studied intensively. In this chapter, the role of surfactants in electrochemi...
Prospects of carbon based sensors for hormones detection
In this chapter, types of hormones, their functions in the body, and carbon-based nanomaterials, including fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanowires, carbon fibers, carbon dots, are discussed. Moreover, electrode modification with carbon nanoparticles and applications of carbon-based electrochemical sensors in hormone analysis is also summarized.