The most recent advancements in electrochemical sensors created to track drugs and biomarkers used in medication and disease detection are summarized in this chapter. New sensors continue to be developed using various chemical or biological detecting materials. Additionally, mass production technology, which is excellent for the microelectronics industry, enables the development of exceedingly compact, replicable, and inexpensive (disposable) sensor devices. These devices are paired with compact, user-friendly instrumentation powered by microprocessors. Pollution control will surely benefit greatly from ‘smart’ sensors and other advancements in selective and stable identification elements, such as distant electrodes, molecular devices, multi-parameter sensor arrays, micromachining, and nanotechnology. A development in biological research is the use of electrochemical sensors. Future industries will also have benefits in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and processing speed. Electrochemical techniques are effective tools for assessing a wide range of targets because they are quick, precise, and non-destructive. The sensitivity has been improved using functional aptamers and nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene derivatives, and metal nanoparticles. During electrochemical measurement, the target’s contact with a certain probe or molecule results in a discernible readout signal.