Analytical Methods for Determination of Antiviral Drugs in Different Matrices: Recent Advances and Trends
Viruses are the main pathogenic substances that cause severe diseases in humans and other living things. They are among the most common microorganisms, and consequently, antiviral drugs have emerged to prevent and treat viral infections. Antiviral drugs are an essential drug group considering their prescription and consumption rates for different diseases and indications. Therefore, it is crucial to develop accurate and precise analytical methods to detect antiviral drugs in various matrices. Chromatographic techniques are used frequently for the quantification purpose since they allow simultaneous determination of antivirals. Electrochemical methods have also gained importance since the analysis can be performed quickly without the need for pretreatment. Spectrophotometric and spectrofluo...
Fundamentals of Aptamers and Aptamers-Based Biosensors
Antibodies or enzymes have long dominated the field of sensors and analysis, based on their most effective capture capacity for many target molecules as biorecognition. Because of this, immunoassay has developed into one of the best platforms for biosensors, including clinical diagnostics. Although widely acknowledged as a conventional biosensor for identifying various analyte targets, antibody- or enzyme-based platforms are nevertheless limited in their recognition of many targets, such as hazardous small compounds or non-immunogenic target analytes. Additionally, designing for these compounds is difficult. Aptamers have drawn a lot of attention as an antibody competitor since their initial discovery in 1990 due to their several advantages over antibodies. The fact that aptamer's tar...
Surfactant-Based Sensors in Chemical and Biochemical Detection
Surfactants are compounds that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties due to their structures and are widely used in many industrial products, daily life, and many electrochemical studies. The hydrophobic parts usually consist of long hydrocarbon chains, while the hydrophilic parts can contain many different functional groups. These substances, also called surface active agents, reduce the surface tension in their aqueous solutions. For this reason, in addition to their use as emulsifiers, they also have antibacterial properties, are solubilizers, and are used as detergents. Although the use of synthetic surfactants is common in general, biosurfactants, which are called green surfactants, are also being studied intensively. In this chapter, the role of surfactants in electrochemi...
Prospects of carbon based sensors for hormones detection
In this chapter, types of hormones, their functions in the body, and carbon-based nanomaterials, including fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanowires, carbon fibers, carbon dots, are discussed. Moreover, electrode modification with carbon nanoparticles and applications of carbon-based electrochemical sensors in hormone analysis is also summarized.
Electroanalytical Investigation and Simultaneous Determination of Etodolac and Thiocolchicoside at a Non-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode in Anionic Surfactant Media
In this study, a differential pulse voltammetry method was designed for the simultaneous determination of etodolac and thiocolchicoside in a tablet dosage form. This method is a sensitive, costless and reproducible one initially designed for the simultaneous determination of etodolac and thiocolchicoside using bare/unmodified glassy carbon electrode in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. At optimized conditions, the method showed linear responses with etodolac and thiocolchicoside concentration in the range of 1 mu M to 80 mu M. The limits of detection and quantification were calculated as 0.11 mu M and 0.38 mu M for etodolac and 0.20 mu M and 0.67 mu M for thiocolchicoside, respectively.
Layer-by-layer modification strategies for electrochemical detection of biomarkers
In the last decades, the use of electrochemical and electrode modification-based biosensors has aroused great research interest in widely different applications such as medical diagnostics, drug analysis, environmental monitoring, food analysis, and biochemical analysis. Moreover, the use of various nanomaterials for electrode modifications and the production of these modifications based on the layer-by-layer film deposition techniques have provided significant advantages in the production of stable and sensitive sensors that provide a large surface area. In this review, the applications of electrochemical methods developed for the determination of major biomarkers that are important in the diagnosis of different diseases are discussed. In three main categories, diseases and related biomar...
Recent advances in electrochemical sensing devices for pharmaceutical and biomedical diagnosis
The most recent advancements in electrochemical sensors created to track drugs and biomarkers used in medication and disease detection are summarized in this chapter. New sensors continue to be developed using various chemical or biological detecting materials. Additionally, mass production technology, which is excellent for the microelectronics industry, enables the development of exceedingly compact, replicable, and inexpensive (disposable) sensor devices. These devices are paired with compact, user-friendly instrumentation powered by microprocessors. Pollution control will surely benefit greatly from ‘smart’ sensors and other advancements in selective and stable identification elements, such as distant electrodes, molecular devices, multi-parameter sensor arrays, micromachining, and nan...
Phosphodiesterase-3 Enzyme Inhibitor Drug Milrinone Interaction with DNA and HSA: Electrochemical, Spectroscopic and Molecular Docking
In this study, the interaction between the phosphodiesterase-3 enzyme inhibitor drug milrinone and biomolecules was investigated by electrochemical, fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular docking studies for the first time. The interaction between milrinone and biomolecules was investigated according to the decrease in deoxyguanosine oxidation signals of milrinone and calf thymus double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ct-dsDNA) by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. In fluorescence spectroscopy studies, a competitive study was conducted on ct-dsDNA by adding a well-known fluorescent methylene blue and ct-dsDNA solution. The fluorescent results showed that milrinone had a higher affinity for ct-dsDNA binding compared to methylene blue. Interaction studies show that milr...
Nanomaterials and signal amplification toward foodborne pathogen biosensor
Foodborne pathogens pose important risks to both human health and food safety worldwide. Contamination of foodborne pathogens negatively affects human and environmental health and causes enormous economic losses. Therefore, accurate, rapid, and sensitive detection is a critical step to ensure food safety. Traditional methods, including culture and colony counting, immunology-based, and polymerase chain reaction-based methods for detecting foodborne pathogens, are often cumbersome and cannot provide the desired level of sensitivity. While the cost increases due to time-consuming sample preparation procedures, these methods require bulky equipment that allows analysis only under laboratory conditions. Biosensors are valuable because of their ease of use, portability, relatively low cost, and...